Contribution of Mahatma Gandhi in Indian Revolution // Subhas Chandra Bose

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Indian Independence Movements

Major Movements and Uprisings

• The Indian Rebellion of 1857: Also known as the First War of Indian Independence, this was a major uprising against British rule that began in May 1857 and lasted for over a year. The rebellion was sparked by a number of factors, including resentment among Indian soldiers in the British army over issues of pay and recruitment, as well as widespread anger at British attempts to undermine traditional Indian customs and religions. Although the rebellion was ultimately suppressed by the British, it marked a turning point in India's struggle for independence.
• The Indian National Congress: Founded in 1885, this political organization aimed to unite Indians of all backgrounds in the fight for independence from British rule. Its early leaders included figures such as A.O. Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, and Surendranath Banerjee.
• The Partition of Bengal: In 1905, the British colonial government partitioned the province of Bengal into two separate entities in an effort to weaken nationalist sentiment in the region. The move sparked widespread protests and boycotts across India, and is seen by many as a major turning point in the struggle for independence.
• The Non-Cooperation Movement: Led by Mahatma Gandhi in the 1920s, this movement aimed to boycott British goods and institutions and promote Indian self-sufficiency. It is widely considered to be one of the most significant mass movements in India's struggle for independence.

Contribution of Mahatma Gandhi in Indian Revolution

Mahatma Gandhi played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement through his philosophy of nonviolent resistance and his leadership in the Indian National Congress.

Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915 and became actively involved in the Indian National Congress, which was working towards the goal of Indian independence from British rule. He developed his philosophy of nonviolent resistance, which he called satyagraha, as a means of resisting injustice and oppression without resorting to violence.

Gandhi led numerous nonviolent campaigns and protests throughout India, including the famous Salt March in 1930, which challenged the British monopoly on salt production and became a symbol of India's struggle for independence. He was arrested numerous times for his activism and spent several years in jail.

Gandhi's advocacy for nonviolence and civil disobedience influenced many other social and political movements around the world, including the American civil rights movement led by Martin Luther King Jr. He also worked to promote social justice and equality in India, particularly in regards to the caste system and women's rights.

Gandhi's leadership and philosophy of nonviolence were instrumental in the success of the Indian independence movement. He negotiated with the British government to secure India's independence, which was achieved on August 15, 1947, just months before his death.

Overall, Mahatma Gandhi's contribution to the Indian revolution was immense. He inspired and led a generation of Indians to fight for their rights and freedom through nonviolent means, and his teachings continue to inspire people around the world to work towards peace and justice.

The British Raj (1858-1947)

India was ruled by the British East India Company from 1757 until 1858, when the British government took over control of the country. This period of British rule, known as the British Raj, lasted until India gained its independence in 1947.

The British introduced many changes to Indian society during this period, including the introduction of Western education, the construction of railroads and telegraph lines, and the establishment of British-style legal and administrative systems.

However, the British also exploited India's resources and people, leading to poverty, famines, and economic inequality. Indian nationalist movements began to emerge in the late 19th century, seeking greater political autonomy and eventually independence from British rule.

The Indian National Congress (1885-present)

The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 with the goal of representing the interests of Indians under British rule. The early Congress leaders, such as Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, advocated for greater political autonomy and representation for Indians in the British government.

Under the leadership of Mohandas Gandhi, the Congress became the leading political force advocating for Indian independence from British rule. Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolent resistance, or satyagraha, became a key part of the Indian independence movement. He led the famous Salt March in 1930, which challenged the British monopoly on salt production and became a symbol of India's struggle for independence.

The Congress played a crucial role in India's struggle for independence, organizing mass protests, boycotts, and civil disobedience campaigns throughout the country. After India gained its independence in 1947, the Congress became the dominant political party in the country, and played a major role in shaping the country's political and economic policies.

However, the Congress has faced many challenges in the years since independence, including corruption, internal divisions, and challenges from other political parties such as the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Today, the Congress remains an important political force in India, with a presence at both the national and state levels.

Post-Independence India (1947-present)

After gaining independence, India became a democratic republic with a constitution that guaranteed fundamental rights to its citizens. Jawaharlal Nehru became the country's first prime minister, leading a government that implemented policies focused on economic and social development, including the expansion of education, healthcare, and infrastructure.

India has faced many challenges in the years since independence, including poverty, inequality, corruption, and communal violence. The country has also made significant progress in areas such as technology, science, and space exploration, and has emerged as a major economic and cultural power on the world stage.

The country has also experienced significant political changes, including the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the 1980s and 1990s, and the election of Narendra Modi as prime minister in 2014 and again in 2019.

Subhas Chandra Bose

Subhas Chandra Bose, also known as Netaji, was an Indian nationalist and freedom fighter who played a key role in India's struggle for independence from British rule.

• Born on January 23, 1897, in Cuttack, Odisha, India
• Studied at the University of Calcutta and later at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom
• Became a strong advocate for complete independence from British rule
• President of the Indian National Congress in 1928, but resigned in 1939 due to differences with Mahatma Gandhi and other Congress leaders
• Formed the Indian National Army (INA) with the help of the Japanese during World War II to gain independence for India from British rule
• Led a military campaign against the British in India's northeast as part of the INA
• His sudden death in 1945 remains a mystery

Subhas Chandra Bose is widely regarded as a hero in India and is remembered for his contribution to the Indian independence movement. His birthday, January 23, is celebrated as "Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Jayanti" in India.